Fault Tolerant-Control: Solutions and Challenges
Abstract
Fault-Tolerant Control (FTC) systems are intensively investigated both from the theoretical and practical viewpoints. It is reflected in a large number of publications and research teams dealing with this emerging area. FTC is perceived as a technique integrating advanced fault diagnosis techniques and modern control methods that makes it possible a system to continue its mission under a faulty situation. It can be also observed that the fault diagnosis theory is well developed for linear systems. There are also approaches that can be efficiently used to minimize the uncertainty effect of the model of the system being controlled and diagnosed as well as noise and disturbances. This means that the development of analogous strategies for non-linear systems is fully justified. One of the main difficulties in the current development of FTC is the fact that most works presented in the literature treat fault diagnosis and FTC problems separately. Unfortunately, perfect fault diagnosis, and in particular fault identification, is impossible to attain. This justifies the necessity of developing integrated fault diagnosis and FTC, which takes into account such an unappealing phenomenon, both for linear and non-linear systems. As indicates the state-of-the-art regarding FTC, the integration issue is treated cursorily while the lack of suitable solution is replaced with a chain of (possibly conservative) assumptions related to fault diagnosis. Taking into account the above difficulties, the paper focuses on the presentation of modern FTC with analytical and soft computing approaches. An effective FTC methods are discussed along with the integration process of fault diagnosis and FTC.
Keywords
failure, fault, fault diagnosis, fault-tolerant control, robustness
Sterowanie tolerujące uszkodzenia: rozwiązania i wyzwania
Streszczenie
Systemy sterowania tolerującego uszkodzenia FTC (ang. Fault-Tolerant Control) są obecnie intensywnie badane, zarówno z teoretycznego, jak i praktycznego punktu widzenia. Znajduje to odzwierciedlenie w wielu publikacjach naukowych oraz w liczbie międzynarodowych zespołów zaangażowanych w badania nad tym zagadnieniem. FTC jest postrzegane jako technika integrująca zaawansowane strategie diagnostyki uszkodzeń z nowoczesnymi metodami sterowania, umożliwiająca dalsze funkcjonowanie systemu w warunkach uszkodzeń. Teoria diagnostyki uszkodzeń i sterowania jest dobrze rozwinięta i udokumentowana dla systemów liniowych. Istnieją również rozwiązania zmniejszające zależność między jakością funkcjonowania powyższych metod, a niepewnością modelu opisującego sterowany i diagnozowany, która może być spowodowana takimi czynnikami jak: różnice między kopiami użytych elementów konstrukcyjnych, niestacjonarność systemu, zewnętrzne zakłócenia, szumy pomiarowe, itd. Oznacza to, że opracowywanie analogicznych rozwiązań dla systemów nieliniowych jest w pełni uzasadnione. Jedną z głównych trudności w obecnym rozwoje FTC jest fakt, że większość prac prezentowanych w literaturze traktuje problemy diagnostyki uszkodzeń i FTC niezależnie. Niestety, idealna diagnostyka uszkodzeń, a w szczególności ich identyfikacja (określenie rozmiaru uszkodzeń) jest niemożliwa do uzyskania. Uzasadnia to konieczność projektowania zintegrowanych układów diagnostyki i FTC uwzględniających tą niepożądaną właściwość, zarówno dla układów liniowych, jak i nieliniowych. Jak wskazuje przegląd licznych prac w zakresie FTC oraz monografii związanych z tą tematyką, problem integracji jest traktowany bardzo pobieżnie, a jego rozwiązanie zastępuje się szeregiem (zazwyczaj restrykcyjnych) założeń, jakie musi spełniać układ diagnostyczny stanowiący jeden z elementów FTC. Biorąc pod uwagę powyższe uwarunkowania, referat koncentruje się na prezentacji nowoczesnych rozwiązań w zakresie FTC z zastosowaniem technik analitycznych i metod obliczeń inteligentnych. Omawia się również efektywne metody sterowania tolerującego uszkodzenia wraz z procesem integracji układów sterownia i diagnostyki uszkodzeń.
Słowa kluczowe
awaria, diagnostyka uszkodzeń, odporność, sterowanie tolerujące uszkodzenia, uszkodzenie
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